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By contrast the second largest Islamic organization in Indonesia, the Muhammadiyah, is considered 'reformist' as it takes a more literal interpretation of the Qur'an and Sunnah. NU's religious views are considered 'traditionalist' in that they tolerate local culture as long as it doesn't contradict Islamic teachings. NU also is a charitable body funding schools and hospitals as well as organizing communities to help alleviate poverty.The NU was founded in 1926 by a ulema and merchants to defend both traditionalist Islamic practices(in accordance with Shafi'i school) and its members' economic interests. Its membership estimates range from 40 million (2013) to over 90 million (2019), making it the largest Islamic organization in the world.

It attributes this approach to earlier thinkers, such as Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari and Abu Mansur Al-Maturidi in the field of theology. The organization identifies the Quran, the Sunnah, and the ability of the mind coupled with empirical reality as the sources of its thought. 2.2 Transformation into Islamic political partyNahdlatul Ulama follows the ideology of AshКїarism, taking the middle path between aqli ( rationalist) and naqli ( scripturalist) tendencies. However, many NU elders, leaders, and religious scholars have rejected Islam Nusantara in favor of a more conservative approach. Islam Nusantara promotes moderation, anti-fundamentalism, pluralism and at some point, syncretism.

History Origin NU was established in 1926 as an organization for orthodox Ash'ari Muslims scholars, as opposed to the modernist policies of the Muhammadiyah and PERSIS (organization), and the rise of Salafi movement of the Al-Irshad Al-Islamiya organization in Indonesia, which rejected local customs influenced by pre-Islamic Javanese Hindus and Buddhist traditions at all. The Nahdlatul Ulama has stated that it is not tied to any political organization. It has been described by western media as a progressive, liberal and pluralistic Islamic movement, but is a diverse organization with large conservative factions as well. In matters of Sufism, NU follows the path of Al-Ghazali and Junaid al-Baghdadi.

In 1942, the Japanese occupied Indonesia and in September a conference of Islamic leaders was held in Jakarta. They were joined by most of the other Islamic organizations in existence at the time. :вЂЉ169 :вЂЉ168 :вЂЉ233вЂ“236In 1937, despite poor relations between the NU and other Sunni Islam organizations in Indonesia, the organizations established the Supreme Islamic Council of Indonesia ( Indonesian: Majlis Islam A'laa Indonesia, MIAI) as a discussion forum. By 1928, the NU was using the Javanese language in its sermons, alongside Arabic. The organization expanded, but the base of its support remained in East Java. The organization was established by Hasyim Asy'ari, the head of an Islamic religious school in East Java.

Among the guerrilla groups fighting for independence were Hizbullah and Sabillilah, which were led by the NU. During the Indonesian war of independence, the NU declared that the fight against the Dutch colonial forces was a holy war, obligatory for all Muslims. :вЂЉ191,вЂЉ194 :вЂЉ233вЂ“236In 1945, Sukarno and Hatta declared Indonesian independence. Other NU and Muhammadiyah figures held leadership positions. Hasjim Asjari was the notional chairman, but in practice the new organization was led by his son, Wahid Hasyim. Just over a year later, the MIAI was dissolved and replaced by the Japanese-sponsored Masyumi (Consultative Council of Indonesian Muslims).

Kumpulan Lagu Rhoma Irama Lengkap Series Of Demands

On 5 April 1952, a few days after the announcement of a new cabinet without Hasyim, the NU decided in principle to leave Masyumi. In the ensuing cabinet crisis, the NU made a series of demands, including the retention of Hasyim, and threatened to leave Masyumi. :вЂЉ233вЂ“236Two years later, a dispute over the organization of the Haj pilgrimage led to Prime Minister Natsir's opposition to the reappointment of Hasyim as religious affairs minister in the next cabinet. The NU was unhappy with its lack of influence within Masyumi, especially after a decision at the 1949 party conference changed the party's religious council, on which the NU held several positions, into a powerless advisory body. The NU leadership at the time had no political skills, and was awarded few influential cabinet positions, with the exception of chairman Wahid Hasyim, who was appointed religious affairs minister.

However, following the fall of this cabinet, some NU members were opposed to the NU joining the new cabinet, to be formed by Burhanuddin Harahap Cabinet, believing that if he was unable to form a cabinet, the NU would be invited to try. In the first Ali Sastroamidjojo Cabinet, the NU held three seats, with Zainul Arifin appointed second deputy prime minister. :вЂЉ233вЂ“236During the liberal democracy era (1950вЂ“1957), NU members served in a number of cabinet posts.

On 2 March 1957, the Permesta rebellion broke out. Three years later, it also argued against Sukarno's 'conception' that would eventually lead to the establishment of guided democracy, as this would mean PKI members sitting in the cabinet. :вЂЉ238вЂ“239 :вЂЉ434вЂ“436 :вЂЉ51In the 1950s, the NU still wanted to see Indonesia become an Islamic state, and expressed its disapproval of a 1953 presidential speech in which Sukarno rejected this.

:вЂЉ281вЂ“282,вЂЉ544 In 1960, President Sukarno banned Masyumi for alleged involvement in the Permesta rebellion. However, with none of the blocks able to command a majority and push through the constitution it wanted, the assembly failed to agree and was dissolved by Sukarno in a decree on 5 July 1959 that also restored the original 1945 Constitution, which declared the state to be based on the Pancasila philosophy, not Islam. The block made up 44.8% of total seats. :вЂЉ281вЂ“282,вЂЉ544 Meanwhile, in the Constitutional Assembly, the NU joined Masyumi, the Indonesian Islamic Union Party (PSII), the Islamic Education Movement (Perti) and other parties to form the Islamic Block, which wanted Indonesian to become an Islamic state. The NU supported these calls.

However, the NU later began to oppose Suharto's regime. In 1965, the group took sides with the General Suharto-led army and was heavily involved in the mass killings of Indonesian communists. Five years later, the coup attempt by the 30 September Movement took place.